’Det er helt i orden’: Kulturelle shibboletter i jobsamtaler med andetsprogsbrugere af dansk

Forfattere

  • Marta Kirilova

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/nys.v1i55.111662

Nøgleord:

shibboletter, dørvogtning, jobsamtaler, dansk som andetsprog, kulturelt medlemskab

Resumé

I denne artikel analyserer jeg datauddrag fra to jobinterview hvor ansøgerne taler dansk som andetsprog. Data stammer fra et integrationsinitiativ i Danmark hvis formål var at få flygtninge og indvandrere i arbejde. Jeg anvender en sprogideologisk ramme i analyserne (Silverstein 1985, Irvine og Gal 2000) som jeg operationaliserer igennem begreberne dørvogtning, medlemskabstilskrivninger og shibboletter. Jeg fokuserer særligt på shibboletter som et indeks for sprogligt og kulturelt tilhørsforhold og ser nærmere på shibboletter i forhold til to områder: konventionelle udtryk som shibboletter og emnemæssige fællesskaber som shibboletter. I analysen viser jeg at såvel brugen af konventionelle udtryk som etableringen af emnemæssige fællesskaber hjælper både ansøgere og ansættelsesudvalg med at forhandle et momentant fællesskab. Hvis ansøgeren kan placere sig i dette fællesskab, bliver vedkommende også vurderet som egnet til det ansøgte job. Jeg diskuterer endvidere relationen mellem sprogbrug og kulturel anerkendelse. Jeg foreslår at brugen af konventionelle udtryk er særligt interessant i flersproget kommunikation, og at sådanne udtryk muligvis vil kunne fungere som en succesfuld kommunikationsstrategi når andetsprogsbrugere på begynderniveau omgås med sprogbrugere på et mere avanceret sprogligt niveau.

Referencer

Baker, C.D. 2000. Locating culture in action: Membership categorisation in texts and talk. St. Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin.

Bardovi-Harlig, K. 2012. Formulas, routines, and conventional expressions in pragmatics research. ARAL 32. 206-227.

Baynham, M. 2014. Identity: Brought about or brought along? Narrative as a privileged site for researching intercultural identities. F. Dervin & K. Risager (red.), Researching identity and interculturality, 73-92. New York: Routledge.

Blommaert, J. 2008. Language, asylum, and the national order. Current Anthropology 50(4). 415-441.

Blommaert, J. 2009. Investigating narrative inequality: African asylum seekers’ stories in Belgium. Discourse & Society 12(4). 413-449.

Boers, F., J. Eyckmans, J. Kappel, H. Stengers, & M. Demecheleer. 2006. Formulaic sequences and perceived oral proficiency: Putting a lexical approach to the test. Language Teaching Research 10(3). 245-261

Bourdieu, P. 1977. Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. J. Karabel & A. H. Halsey (red.), Power and ideology in education, 487-511. New York: Oxford Uni-versity Press.

Davies, A. 2003. The native speaker: Myth and reality. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Day, D. 2012. Conversation analysis and membership categories. The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0211

Dechert, H.W. 1983. How a story is done in a second language. Strategies in interlanguage communication. C. Faerch & G. Kasper (red.), Strategies in interlanguage communication, 175-195. London: Longman.

Ellis, R. 1983. Formulaic speech in early classroom second language development. Handscombe, D. (red.), The question of control. Selected papers from the 17th annual convention of teachers of English to speakers of other languages (TESOL, Toronto, Canada, March 15-20, 1983), 53-65

Emmertsen, S. & T. Heinemann. 2010. Realization as a device for remedying problems of affiliation in interaction. Research on Language and Social Interaction 43(2). 109-132.

Erickson, F. 1975. Gatekeeping and the melting pot: Interaction in counseling encounters. Harvard educational review 45(1). 44-70.

Erickson, F. & J. Shultz. 1982. The counselor as gatekeeper: Social interaction in interviews. New York: Academic Press.

Eskildsen, S.W. 2009. Constructing another language: Usage-based linguistics in second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics 30(3). 335–357.

Eskildsen, S.W. & J. Wagner. 2015. Sprogbrugsbaseret læring i en tosproget hverdag. En forskningsoversigt over sprogbrugsbaseret andetsprogstilegnelse og sprog-pædagogiske implikationer. NyS, Nydanske Sprogstudier 48. 71-104.

Fogtmann, C. 2007. Samtaler med politiet: interaktionsanalytiske studier af sprogtestning i danske naturalisationssamtaler. Ph.d.-afhandling. Københavns Universitet.

Goffman, E. 1981. Forms of talk. Oxford: Blackwell.

Gumperz, J.J., C. Roberts & T.C. Jupp. 1979. Crosstalk: a study of cross-cultural communication, London: National Centre for Industrial Language Training in association with BBC.

Gumperz, J. J. 1982. Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gumperz, J.J. & C. Roberts. 1991. Understanding in intercultural encounters. J. Blommaert & J.J. Verschueren (red.), The pragmatics of intercultural and international communication, 51-90. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Gumperz, J.J. 1992. Interviewing in intercultural situations. P. Drew & J. Heritage (red.), Talk at Work, 302-327. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gumperz, J. 1999. On interactional sociolinguistic method.S. Sarangi & C. Roberts (red.), Talk, work and institutional order : Discourse in medical, mediation and management settings, 453-471. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Heinemann, T. 2016. Registering revision: The reduplicated Danish change-of-state token nå. Discourse Studies 18(1). 44-63.

Heritage, J. 1984. A change-of-state token and aspects of its sequential placement. J.M. Atkinson & J. Heritage (red.), Structures of social action, 299–345. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Irvine, J.T. & S. Gal. 2000. Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. P. Kroskrity (red.), Regimes of language, 35–83, Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.

Jupp, T.C., & J. Gumperz. 1982. Language and disadvantage: the hidden process. J. Gumperz (red.), Language and social identity, 232-256. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kerekes, J. 2003. Distrust: A determining factor in the outcomes of gatekeeping en-counters. G. House, G. Kasper & S. Ross (red.), Misunderstanding in Social Life, 227-257. Harlow Pearson Education Limited.

Kerekes, J.A. 2006. Winning an interviewer’s trust in a gatekeeping encounter. Language in Society 35(1). 27-59.

Khan, K., & T. McNamara. 2017. Citizenship, immigration laws, and language. S. Canagarajah (red.), The Routledge handbook of migration and language, 451-467. London: Routledge.

Kirilova, M. 2013. All dressed up and nowhere to go: Linguistic, cultural and ideological aspects of job interviews with second language speakers of Danish. Ph.d.-afhandling, Københavns Universitet.

Kirilova, M. 2017. ‘Oh it’s a DANISH boyfriend you’ve got’– co-membership and cultural fluency in job interviews with minority background applicants in Den-mark. J. Angouri, M. Marra & J. Holmes (red.), Negotiating boundaries at work, 29-49. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Kirilova, M. & J. Angouri. 2018. You are now one of us – negotiating ‘fitting in’ in the workplace. A. Creese & A. Blackledge (red.), The Routledge handbook of language and superdiversity, 345-360. London: Routledge.

Kolinsky, H. 2016. The shibboleth of discretion: The discretion, identity, and persecution paradigm in American and Australian LGBT asylum claims. Berkeley Journal of Gender Law & Justice 31(2). 206-240.

Komter, M. 1991. Conflict and Co-operation in job interviews. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Laver, J. 1975. Communicative functions of phatic communion. A. Kendon, R. Har-ris, M. Key (red.), Organization of behavior in face-to-face interaction, 215–238. The Hague: World Anthropology, De Gruyter.

Lundmann, L. 2015. Basic assumptions when assessing people: Studies of job interviews and personality testing. Ph.d.-afhandling. Det samfundsvidenskabelige fakultet, Københavns Universitet.

McNamara, T. 2005. 21st century shibboleth: Language tests, identity and intergroup conflict. Language Policy 4(4). 351-370.

Nielsen, M.F. 2002. Nå! En skiftemarkør med mange funktioner. Studier i Nordisk 2000-2001. 51-67. København: Selskab for Nordisk Filologi.

Pomerantz, A. 1984. Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes. J.M. Atkinson & J. Heritage (red.), Structures of social action, 57–101. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Roberts, C. 1985. The interview game: and how it’s played: British Broadcasting Corporation.

Roberts, C. 2011. Gatekeeping discourse in employment interviews. C. Candlin & S. Sarangi (red.), Handbook of communication in organisations and professions, 407–432. Mouton de Gruyter.

NYS55Roberts, C. & S. Campbell. 2006. Talk on trial. Research report 344, Lon-don: Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) http://www.resear-chonline.org.uk/sds/search/download.do;jsessionid=C6E7B6F8A4A-55F73A94896710AE0996?ref=B1568 (21.10.2018).

Sacks, H. 1972. An initial investigation of the usability of conversational data for doing sociology. D. Sudnow (red.), Studies in Social Interaction, 31–74. New York: Free Press.

Sacks, H., E.A. Schegloff & G. Jefferson. 1974. A simplest systematics for the organisation of turn-taking for conversation. Language 50. 696–735.

Schegloff, E.A. 2007. A tutorial on membership categorization. Journal of pragmatics 39(3). 462-482.

Scheuer, J. 1998. Den umulige samtale: sprog, køn og magt i jobsamtaler. København: Akademisk forlag.

Scheuer, J. 2001. Recontextualisation and communicative styles in job interviews. Discourse Studies 3. 223 -248.

Schmitt, N. 2010.Researching vocabulary: A vocabulary research manual. Berlin: Springer.

Senft, G. 1995. Phatic communion. J. Verschueren, J.O. Östman & J. Blommaert (red.), Handbook of pragmatics, 226-223. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. New

Silverstein, M.1976. Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description. K. Basso & H. Selby (red.), Meaning in anthropology, 11-55. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.

Silverstein, M. 1985. Language and the culture of gender: at the intersection of structure, usage, and ideology. E. Mertz & R.J. Parmentier (red.), Semiotic mediation: Sociocultural and psychological perspectives, 219– 259. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Silverstein, M. 2003. Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & communication 23(3-4). 193-229.

Silverstein, M. 2006. Old wine, new ethnographic lexicography. Annual Review Anthropology 35. 481-496.

Spotti, M. 2015. Sociolinguistic shibboleths at the institutional gate.K.K. Arnaut, J. Blommaert, B. Rampton & M. Spotti (red.), Language and superdiversity, 261–279. New York: Routledge.

Steensig, J.2001. Sprog i virkeligheden. Bidrag til en interaktionel lingvistik. Århus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.

Stokes, R. & J.P. Hewitt. 1976. Aligning actions.American Sociological Review, 41. 838-849.

Stokoe, E. 2012. Moving forward with membership categorization analysis: Methods for systematic analysis. Discourse Studies 14(3). 277-303.

Tannen, D. 1990. Gender differences in topical coherence: Creating involvement in best friends’ talk. Discourse Processes 13(1). 73-90.

Tranekjær, L. 2011. I praktik som dansker. Nordand – Nordisk tidsskrift for andetsprogsforskning 6(1). 7-35.

Tranekjær, L. 2015. Interactional categorization and gatekeeping: Institutional encounters with otherness. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

Tranekjær, L. & Kappa, K. 2016. The interactional establishment of the membership category ‘nonnative speaker’ in gatekeeping encounters. K. Bardovi-Harlig & J.C. Félix-Brasdefer (red.), Pragmatics and Language Learning 4. 93 -122.

Vejledning om integration og oplæringsstillinger. 2007. Udgivet af KL, Danske Regioner og KTO Kommunale Tjenestemænd og Overenskomstansatte, https://www.kl.dk/ImageVaultFiles/id_33506/cf_202/Vejledning_om_integrationsog_oplringsstillinger.PDF (Tilgået 21. september 2018).

Wray, A. 2002. Formulaic sequences and the lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Yorio, C. A. 1980. Conventionalized language forms and the development of communicative competence. TESOL Quarterly 14(4). 433-442.

Downloads

Publiceret

2018-12-21

Citation/Eksport

Kirilova, M. (2018). ’Det er helt i orden’: Kulturelle shibboletter i jobsamtaler med andetsprogsbrugere af dansk. NyS, Nydanske Sprogstudier, (55), 40–69. https://doi.org/10.7146/nys.v1i55.111662

Nummer

Sektion

Artikler